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ORE Part 1 August 2026 — UK Dental Exams Masterclass Premium Discussion Summary
UK Dental Exams Masterclass · Premium WhatsApp Discussion Summary · ORE Part 1 August 2026

ORE Part 1 August 2026: Premium Discussion Revision Summary

This is a consolidated revision summary of the UK Dental Exams Masterclass premium WhatsApp group discussions for candidates preparing for the ORE Part 1 August 2026 examination. It brings together the high-yield questions, corrections, clinical distinctions, guideline points and exam-focused discussions covered with our students during the final phase of preparation.

Premium course discussion summary Subject-wise revision UK guideline-focused Final pre-exam recall

About this revision summary

In the weeks leading up to the August 2026 ORE Part 1 examination, candidates in the UK Dental Exams Masterclass premium WhatsApp group discussed hundreds of exam-relevant concepts, confusing MCQ options, guideline updates and clinical scenarios.

This page consolidates those discussions into a subject-wise revision resource so that other ORE candidates can revise the same high-yield distinctions quickly. Read each point as an active-recall prompt and pause before reading the highlighted answer or distinction.

Revision section

1. UK Clinical Guidelines / Governance

↑ Top
  • Consent ≥16 years → presumed capable of consenting to their own treatment; <16 → may consent if Gillick competent.
  • 18 years → legal adulthood, but 16, not 18, is the usual threshold for independent healthcare consent.
  • Oral ulcer >3 weeks and unexplained → suspected cancer pathway referral; count duration from patient-reported onset, not first dental attendance.
  • Suspicious oral lesion at any duration → do not wait for the 3-week threshold.
  • Trigeminal neuralgia → SDCEP recommends urgent referral for definitive diagnosis/investigation.
  • Medical-device adverse incident/near miss → report via MHRA / Yellow Card.
  • RIDDOR → work-related specified injuries, diseases and dangerous occurrences; not the routine medical-device reporting mechanism.
  • Fact witness → provides first-hand evidence of what happened.
  • Expert witness → provides an independent professional opinion to the court.
  • A treating dentist can provide professional explanations, but this does not automatically make them a formal expert witness.
  • Every dental service should have an effective complaints procedure; complaint handling is not restricted to dentists/doctors.
  • GDC requires complaints to be handled according to the practice/service's stated timescales; do not memorise a universal UK “3 days + 10/20 days” rule.
Revision section

2. SDCEP Antibiotics – Very High Yield

↑ Top
  • Dental abscess → local measures/drainage first; antibiotics only for spreading/systemic infection, inadequate drainage or high complication risk.
  • Dental abscess first choice → phenoxymethylpenicillin (Pen V) because of its narrower spectrum.
  • Amoxicillin → alternative first-line option, especially when adherence to Pen V QDS is likely to be difficult.
  • Dental abscess + penicillin allergy → metronidazole.
  • ANUG/ANUP/pericoronitis → if antibiotics are indicated, metronidazole is the preferred answer; amoxicillin is an alternative.
  • Severe spreading infection/pyrexia → metronidazole may be added to a penicillin.
  • Severe infection → Pen V dose may be doubled; amoxicillin may also be increased; current SDCEP does not routinely instruct doubling metronidazole.
  • Clindamycin/clarithromycin → restrict to selected second-line severe infections after reassessment/specialist advice.
  • Clindamycin + severe diarrhoea/abdominal cramps → think C. difficile-associated colitis.
  • Azithromycin → not a routine SDCEP treatment antibiotic for odontogenic bacterial infection; mainly relevant here to IE prophylaxis.
  • Dry socket alone → no systemic antibiotic; use local management.
  • “Infected dry socket” in older recalls may key metronidazole, but current SDCEP treats true spreading infection according to odontogenic-infection principles.
Revision section

3. Infective Endocarditis Prophylaxis – SDCEP 2026

↑ Top
  • Previous IE → high risk.
  • Prosthetic cardiac valve/material used for valve repair → high risk.
  • Untreated cyanotic CHD / selected repaired cyanotic CHD with prosthetic material → high risk.
  • Ventricular assist device → high risk.
  • Moderate-risk conditions do not routinely receive prophylaxis.
  • High-risk patient + extraction/oral surgery → offer prophylaxis.
  • High-risk patient + gingival/periapical manipulation such as scaling → consider prophylaxis through shared decision-making.
  • Adult oral prophylaxis → amoxicillin 2 g, 30–60 min before; 3 g sachet remains an accepted alternative.
  • Penicillin allergy → clarithromycin 500 mg OR azithromycin 500 mg, 30–60 min before.
  • Clindamycin is no longer recommended for IE prophylaxis.
  • Unable to swallow tablets/capsules → use an appropriate oral liquid preparation where possible.
  • IV prophylaxis is usually a secondary-care/hospital issue.
  • IV, no penicillin allergy → amoxicillin 2 g IV immediately before/at induction.
  • IV + penicillin allergy → clarithromycin 500 mg IV, cefazolin 1 g IV or ceftriaxone 1 g IV.
Revision section

4. Antifungals – SDCEP

↑ Top
  • Mild/localised oral candidosis → miconazole oral gel.
  • Miconazole unsuitable/contraindicated → nystatin.
  • Severe/extensive candidosis or unsuitable/failed topical treatment → fluconazole.
  • Miconazole oral gel → SDCEP course generally 7 days.
  • Nystatin suspension → 1 mL QDS after food × 7 days.
  • Fluconazole for candidosis → 200 mg day 1, then 100 mg OD, total 7 days.
  • Denture stomatitis → local denture measures are essential; antifungal therapy is adjunctive.
  • Angular cheilitis → miconazole cream BD until clinical resolution.
  • Miconazole product advice → continue for at least 7 days after symptoms disappear.
  • Nystatin product advice → continue for at least 48 hours after symptoms disappear.
  • Warfarin + candidosis → avoid miconazole/fluconazole interaction; nystatin is the high-yield alternative.
  • Miconazole → no routine renal-dose reduction.
  • Fluconazole → renal impairment may require maintenance-dose adjustment.
Revision section

5. Dental Trauma – IADT

↑ Top
  • Concussion → no splint.
  • Subluxation → flexible splint up to 2 weeks if needed.
  • Extrusive luxation → flexible splint 2 weeks.
  • Lateral luxation → passive flexible splint 4 weeks.
  • Root fracture → flexible splint generally 4 weeks.
  • Cervical-third root fracture → splinting may be required for up to 4 months.
  • Alveolar fracture → flexible splint 4 weeks.
  • Replanted permanent avulsion → passive flexible splint 2 weeks.
  • Avulsion + alveolar/jaw fracture → more rigid stabilisation, commonly 4 weeks.
  • Avulsed primary tooth → do not replant, therefore no splint.
  • Primary lateral luxation → flexible splint 4 weeks only if repositioned tooth is unstable.
  • IADT permanent-tooth avulsion → systemic antibiotics are recommended following replantation.
  • SDCEP acute triage does not treat avulsion itself as an automatic indication for antibiotics.
  • Immature permanent tooth + intrusion of any depth → IADT 2020: initially allow spontaneous re-eruption.
  • Immature intruded tooth not re-erupting by about 8 weeks → orthodontic repositioning.
  • Mature tooth >7 mm intrusion → surgical repositioning is the classic IADT rule.
  • Negative sensibility immediately after trauma does not automatically mean pulp necrosis.
Revision section

6. Endodontics / Pulp Therapy

↑ Top
  • Indirect pulp treatment → deep caries with no pulp exposure.
  • Direct pulp cap → small, clean exposure with a healthy/reversibly inflamed vital pulp.
  • Partial pulpotomy → remove superficial inflamed pulp; particularly useful for traumatic/carious exposures.
  • Full pulpotomy → remove all coronal pulp while retaining vital radicular pulp.
  • Vital immature permanent tooth + open apex → preserve pulp → apexogenesis.
  • Necrotic immature tooth + open apex → regenerative endodontic therapy when suitable.
  • Necrotic open apex where regeneration unsuitable → MTA/bioceramic apexification.
  • Apexogenesis → existing vital pulp continues physiological root development.
  • Regenerative endodontics → starts with a necrotic immature pulp and aims for continued root maturation.
  • Apexification → creates an artificial apical barrier; does not normally restore normal root development.
  • Regenerative endodontics is neither apexogenesis nor apexification; continued maturation is sometimes termed maturogenesis.
  • Traditional DPC material → setting calcium hydroxide.
  • Modern preferred vital-pulp materials → hydraulic calcium-silicate cements such as MTA/Biodentine.
  • Non-setting calcium hydroxide → mainly intracanal medicament.
  • Internal root resorption → smooth ballooning; canal outline disappears within lesion.
  • External root resorption → canal outline remains visible through lesion; lesion shifts with parallax.
  • Internal resorption stays centred on angled radiographs; external resorption shifts relative to canal.
  • Post-trauma + irregular external root loss/infection → think external inflammatory root resorption.
  • Early acute apical/alveolar abscess may appear nearly normal radiographically; PDL widening is the earliest positive radiographic sign.
  • Endodontic working length uses a reproducible cusp/incisal reference point toward the apex, then is adjusted to the apical constriction.
  • Inulin-type analogy does not apply—do not confuse anatomical root length (CEJ–apex) with clinical working length.
  • Endodontic failure → missed canal, inadequate cleaning/obturation, procedural errors, separated instruments, coronal leakage.
  • Adequate instrumentation/obturation are success factors, not causes of failure.
Revision section

7. Primary-Tooth Pulp Therapy

↑ Top
  • Primary molar + vital pulpal disease → pulpotomy may be appropriate.
  • Formocresol is no longer preferred in current UK practice; calcium-silicate cement such as MTA is favoured.
  • Ferric sulphate may assist haemostasis during primary-tooth pulpotomy.
  • Abscess/swelling/furcation radiolucency in a primary tooth → radicular infection; extraction is usually preferred under current SDCEP.
  • Pulpectomy in an infected primary tooth → selected restorable cases where retention is important.
  • Acute painful abscess + “next/immediate step” → establish drainage/access first when feasible.
  • Definitive treatment after acute control → extraction or selected pulpectomy depending on prognosis.
  • Traditional “most commonly used” primary pulpectomy obturant → ZOE.
  • Metapex = calcium hydroxide + iodoform; older questions may call it “ideal,” but modern evidence does not establish one universal ideal.
  • Gutta-percha is inappropriate for routine primary-tooth pulpectomy because it does not physiologically resorb.
Revision section

8. Paediatric Dentistry / Caries

↑ Top
  • Current SDCEP uses increased caries risk, not a rigid universal low/moderate/high scoring system.
  • Existing active/recurrent caries is a major indicator of increased caries risk.
  • Special healthcare needs can increase risk but do not automatically assign a fixed category.
  • Increased-risk child → enhanced prevention, including fluoride varnish around 4 times/year.
  • Current SDCEP child bitewings: increased risk → every 6–12 months; all others → every 2 years.
  • Site-specific active lesions → review around 3 months; bitewings for proximal surveillance should not be repeated more frequently than 6 months.
  • Traditional 4-/8-/12-/16-film paediatric surveys are older textbook classifications, not current UK risk-based radiographic prescribing.
  • Traditional 8-film survey → 2 anterior occlusals + 2 maxillary posterior views + 2 mandibular primary-molar PAs + 2 bitewings.
  • 4 canine PAs belong to the traditional 12-film survey, not 8-film.
  • SSC/PMC preparation → sufficient occlusal reduction to avoid significant prematurity; classic teaching around 1–1.5 mm.
  • Johnson No.114 → general SSC contouring.
  • Abell No.112 → creates/accentuates proximal contact points.
  • Gordon No.137 → cervical/general contouring.
  • Crimper → cervical-margin adaptation.
  • Adam’s pliers → flatten proximal surfaces/reduce mesiodistal crown width.
  • Crown scissors → trim excess crown length.
  • Child <16 → avoid routine aspirin because of Reye syndrome risk.
  • Paediatric analgesia → paracetamol or ibuprofen when appropriate.
  • Anxious but cooperative child <12 → nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation sedation is the standard first sedation technique.
  • Tetracycline exposure at age 6 → permanent premolars are among the teeth still susceptible to intrinsic staining.
  • Supernumerary tooth causing crowding/eruption disturbance → remove when indicated + orthodontic assessment/management.
  • Grossly infected primary tooth in a medically high-risk CHD patient → older RCS teaching favours extraction rather than pulp treatment.
Revision section

9. Orthodontics

↑ Top
  • IOTN displacement exactly 2.0 mm → Grade 2d; >2 to ≤4 mm → Grade 3d.
  • Class I skeletal → normal AP maxilla–mandible relationship; usually straight profile.
  • Class II skeletal → mandible relatively retrusive and/or maxilla protrusive → convex profile.
  • Class III skeletal → mandible relatively protrusive and/or maxilla retrusive → concave profile.
  • Tweed: FMA ~25°, FMIA ~65°, IMPA ~90°.
  • FMA + FMIA + IMPA = 180°.
  • ↑IMPA → proclined lower incisors; ↓IMPA → retroclined.
  • ↓FMIA → proclined lower incisors; ↑FMIA → retroclined.
  • Planning the lower labial segment → lower-incisor angulation to mandibular plane/IMPA is highly relevant.
  • Classic Class II extraction pattern → upper 4s + lower 5s.
  • Classic Class III camouflage pattern → upper 5s + lower 4s.
  • These are exam patterns, not mandatory treatment rules.
  • Tooth most likely displaced by mandibular arch-size discrepancy → second premolar.
  • Thumb sucking → increased overjet, flared/spaced maxillary incisors, retroclined mandibular incisors, anterior open bite.
  • Tongue thrust may develop as a secondary adaptation and maintain an open bite after digit sucking stops.
  • Thumb sucking can create the open bite; tongue thrust can maintain it.
  • Oral screen → mainly mouth breathing/lip habits.
  • Palatal crib → thumb/finger sucking + tongue thrust.
  • Bluegrass appliance → non-punitive thumb/finger-sucking appliance.
  • Physiological mixed-dentition midline diastema → ugly duckling stage.
  • Positive blanch test suggests a prominent/papilla-penetrating frenum but does not by itself prove the frenum causes a mixed-dentition diastema.
  • Ugly duckling stage → canine eruption initially tips incisor crowns distally; later eruption helps the diastema close.
Revision section

10. Prosthodontics / Occlusion

↑ Top
  • Facebow transfer → mount maxillary cast first; use CR record to mount mandibular cast second.
  • Hanau formula → lateral condylar guidance L = H/8 + 12.
  • Hanau’s Quint → condylar guidance, incisal guidance, cusp height, plane of occlusion, compensating curve.
  • Canine guidance → canine discludes posterior teeth during lateral excursion.
  • Group function → several working-side teeth share lateral contact.
  • Posterior cantilever FPD → classic exam association is group function, with light contact on cantilever pontic.
  • Mutually protected occlusion → posterior teeth protect anteriors in centric; anteriors protect posteriors in excursions.
  • Bilateral balanced occlusion → complete dentures; contacts on both sides during eccentric movements.
  • Lingualised occlusion → maxillary lingual cusps contact mandibular fossae; useful in complete dentures requiring stability with some cusp efficiency.
  • Monoplane/zero-degree occlusion → severely resorbed ridges/poor neuromuscular control; minimises lateral forces.
  • Good denture retention + persistent local soreness → suspect occlusal disharmony; remount and equilibrate.
  • Loose/unretentive denture → consider relining when poor base adaptation is the problem.
  • Atmospheric pressure = emergency/temporary retentive force in complete dentures.
  • RPD support → rests.
  • RPD retention → retentive clasp arms.
  • RPD stability/bracing → reciprocal arms, proximal plates and rigid components.
  • Gold inlay → no cusp coverage.
  • Gold onlay → one or more cusps covered.
  • Overlay → essentially all cusps/occlusal surface.
  • Full cast gold crown → complete coronal coverage.
  • Cast-gold bevels aid marginal adaptation but can inadvertently extend into the gingival sulcus.
  • Direct gold → foil/mat/powdered gold; now rare in routine UK practice.
Revision section

11. Oral Surgery / OMFS

↑ Top
  • ZMC ORIF → restore 3D zygomatic position; fixation commonly ZF + ZM ± infraorbital rim.
  • Condylar ORIF → restore occlusion, ramal height and mandibular function.
  • Not every condylar fracture requires ORIF; many can be managed functionally/closed.
  • Mandibular 3rd-molar medial aspect → lingual nerve at risk.
  • IAN → within mandibular canal beneath/near third-molar roots.
  • Displaced lower 3rd-molar root through thin lingual cortex → classically submandibular space.
  • Posteromedial displacement toward ramus can enter pterygomandibular space.
  • Lower 3rd-molar distal root is particularly vulnerable because posterior lingual cortex may be thin.
  • Avoid excessive apical pressure when retrieving lower molar root fragments.
  • Winter’s white line → occlusal plane.
  • Amber line → alveolar bone level.
  • Red line → depth/difficulty; longer red line = deeper impaction/more bone removal.
  • Same mandibular fracture can be horizontally favourable and vertically unfavourable, or vice versa.
  • Le Fort I & II → maxillary sinus involvement is characteristic.
  • Le Fort II & III → orbital involvement.
  • Le Fort III → zygomatic arch/craniofacial disjunction.
  • BSSO basic osteotomy design can be used for both advancement and setback; do not memorise “premolar cut for advancement, molar cut for setback” as a universal rule.
  • Reactionary haemorrhage → within 24 hours in current UK dental surgical teaching.
  • Secondary haemorrhage → classically around 7–10 days, often infection-related.
Revision section

12. Oral Medicine / Pathology

↑ Top
  • Fibrous dysplasia → young patient + painless expansion + ill-defined ground-glass appearance blending into surrounding bone.
  • Compound odontoma → well-defined lesion containing tooth-like denticles.
  • CEOT/Pindborg tumour → mixed lesion with calcifications, classically “driven snow.”
  • Primary syphilis → chancre.
  • Secondary syphilis → mucous patches + snail-track ulcers.
  • Hutchinson’s freckle → lentigo maligna, not syphilis.
  • Angular cheilitis → erosions/fissures at corners of mouth.
  • Nicotine stomatitis → classic pipe-smoker association; white palate with red punctate duct openings.
  • Necrotising sialometaplasia → deep palatal ulcer; smoking is a risk factor.
  • Russell’s sign → knuckle calluses from self-induced vomiting → bulimia nervosa.
  • Hair-on-end skull + severe marrow expansion/chipmunk facies → thalassemia major.
  • Hair-on-end can also occur in sickle cell disease; clinical history distinguishes them.
  • Sickle cell → recurrent vaso-occlusive pain crises, infarction, jaundice, functional asplenia.
  • Thalassemia → marked marrow expansion, frontal bossing, maxillary prominence.
  • Kawasaki disease → strawberry tongue + fever + mucocutaneous features; treatment includes IVIG + aspirin.
  • Aspirin in Kawasaki disease is a recognised specialist exception to the usual avoidance in children.
Revision section

13. Periodontology

↑ Top
  • Current full periodontal chart → 6 sites per tooth.
  • 28 teeth × 6 sites = 168 sites; 20% ≈ 34 sites.
  • Older 4-sites-per-tooth calculations may produce different recall answers.
  • Old “juvenile/aggressive periodontitis → tetracycline” is a historical textbook association.
  • Current SDCEP → systemic antibiotics are not routinely prescribed for periodontitis.
  • Young Grade C/non-responsive disease → specialist consideration of adjunctive antibiotics after proper periodontal therapy.
  • Selected specialist Grade C regimens commonly involve amoxicillin + metronidazole, not stand-alone tetracycline as a universal rule.
  • Acute periodontal infection with systemic/spreading involvement → metronidazole is high yield under SDCEP.
Revision section

14. Radiology

↑ Top
  • Proximal caries → bitewing.
  • Periodontal bone levels → bitewing; vertical bitewing when advanced bone loss requires greater coverage.
  • Periapical pathology → periapical radiograph.
  • Root resorption → PA ± angled views; CBCT if complexity justifies it.
  • Impacted tooth localisation → PA + parallax/occlusal/OPG ± CBCT when justified.
  • Mandibular fracture/general jaw survey → OPG commonly useful.
  • Salivary stone in floor of mouth → lower occlusal radiograph.
  • IOPA + occlusal radiograph for localisation → vertical parallax.
  • Two PAs with changed horizontal tube position → horizontal parallax.
  • SLOB → Same Lingual, Opposite Buccal.
  • Current UK radiography → select radiographs based on clinical need/risk, not automatic fixed “survey” schedules.
  • Practitioner under IR(ME)R → justifies exposure.
  • Operator → carries out practical aspects/exposure.
  • Referrer → provides/request clinical information.
  • Bitewing vertical angulation → slight positive angulation, roughly +5° to +10° from horizontal depending on technique/holder.
Revision section

15. Dental Materials

↑ Top
  • Conventional GIC conditioning → polyacrylic acid.
  • GIC bonds chemically/ionically to calcium in hydroxyapatite.
  • Hydrofluoric acid → ceramic etching, not conventional GIC tooth conditioning.
  • Conventional amalgam does not intrinsically chemically bond to tooth.
  • Amalgam marginal self-sealing develops from corrosion products over weeks/months, classically ~2–3 months.
  • Gypsum: faster/more vigorous spatulation → more nuclei → shorter setting time.
  • Altering water/powder ratio changes setting time but also strength, porosity and expansion.
  • In the classic MCQ, speed of spatulation is considered the safer method of regulating gypsum setting.
  • Autoclaving effects on endodontic files are alloy/system dependent; repeated cycles do not universally improve efficacy or strength.
Revision section

16. Decontamination / Autoclave

↑ Top
  • UK dental steam sterilisation → 134–138°C for at least 3 minutes.
  • 134°C ≈ 2.07 bar gauge pressure.
  • 121°C ≈ 1.06 bar gauge.
  • Type N → unwrapped solid instruments.
  • Type B → wrapped + hollow/air-retentive loads.
  • Type S → specific validated loads.
  • Type N memory → Naked instruments.
  • Type B memory → Bags + Bores.
  • Cleaning must occur before sterilisation.
  • Wrapped instruments can have substantially longer storage than unwrapped instruments if packaging remains intact.
  • Vacuum sterilisers require steam-penetration testing such as Helix/Bowie-Dick, according to the equipment/testing regime.
  • Failed steriliser test → withdraw machine from service; do not use instruments from failed cycle.
  • Lead foil from X-ray packets → separate specialist lead recycling/waste, not orange clinical waste.
Revision section

17. Local Anaesthesia / Pharmacology

↑ Top
  • Procaine → classic short-acting LA.
  • Lidocaine, mepivacaine, prilocaine, articaine → broadly intermediate-acting clinically.
  • Bupivacaine → long-acting.
  • Plasma half-life does not directly equal clinical duration of local anaesthesia.
  • LA duration depends importantly on protein binding, local blood flow, vasodilation and vasoconstrictor use.
  • Current routine UK dental injectable LAs → lidocaine, articaine, prilocaine and mepivacaine.
  • Current UK dental injectable LAs are amides.
  • Lidocaine → commonly 2% + adrenaline.
  • Articaine → commonly 4% + adrenaline.
  • Prilocaine → commonly 3% + felypressin.
  • Mepivacaine → commonly 3% plain ± preparation with vasoconstrictor.
  • Emergency IM adrenaline → anterolateral thigh/vastus lateralis.
  • Paediatric lidocaine maximum-dose MCQs may use older manufacturer 7 mg/kg vs more conservative paediatric values; always identify source convention.
Revision section

18. General Pharmacology

↑ Top
  • In-vitro anticoagulants → citrate, oxalate, EDTA, heparin.
  • Coumarins/warfarin require hepatic action → not effective simply by adding to a blood sample.
  • Citrate/oxalate/EDTA reduce available calcium; heparin acts through antithrombin.
  • Warfarin → inhibits vitamin-K-dependent II, VII, IX, X + proteins C and S.
  • Warfarin → monitored by PT/INR, not aPTT.
  • Warfarin → teratogenic.
  • Warfarin historically used as a rodenticide.
  • Phenoxymethylpenicillin = Penicillin V, oral, acid-stable.
  • Benzylpenicillin = Penicillin G, generally parenteral.
  • Carbenicillin → classic penicillin not given orally.
  • Co-amoxiclav is orally active against streptococci but is broader-spectrum; Pen V is the classic narrow-spectrum oral antistreptococcal answer.
  • Aciclovir cream for herpes labialis → 5 days initially; if necessary may continue to 10 days maximum.
  • Paracetamol healthy adult ≥50 kg → 500 mg–1 g every 4–6 h; max 4 g/day.
  • Corticosteroids → useful in Addison disease, allergic rhinitis and IBD; not Cushing syndrome.
  • Addison disease → ↓ cortisol + ↓ aldosterone, with ↑ACTH in primary adrenal insufficiency.
  • Active Cushing disease = cortisol excess; steroid supplementation is relevant mainly after treatment/HPA suppression, not simply because “Cushing” is present.
Revision section

19. Haematology / Immunology

↑ Top
  • Universal RBC donor → O negative.
  • Universal RBC recipient → AB positive.
  • Universal plasma donor → AB.
  • Universal plasma recipient → O.
  • Hemophilia → deep bleeding/haematomas + normal platelets/bleeding time + normal PT + prolonged aPTT.
  • Hemophilia A → factor VIII deficiency.
  • Hemophilia B → factor IX deficiency.
  • Vitamin K deficiency → PT usually affected early.
  • Hereditary angioedema → C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency/dysfunction.
  • C4 is often low in hereditary angioedema but is not the deficient inhibitor.
  • ACE inhibitors → bradykinin-mediated angioedema, often lips/tongue.
  • Calcium-channel blockers → gingival enlargement, not classic tongue angioedema.
Revision section

20. Cardiovascular Physiology

↑ Top
  • Cardiac output = HR × stroke volume.
  • Cardiac output = volume pumped by one ventricle per minute, not the sum of both.
  • At steady state, RV output = LV output.
  • Normal resting cardiac output ≈ 5 L/min.
  • Cardiac output is influenced by preload through Frank-Starling mechanism.
  • Right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle.
  • Localised ventricular-wall conduction failure → think Purkinje fibres.
  • Somatomedins/IGF-1 → promote protein synthesis and bone/cartilage growth; “stimulate pancreatic islet hormone secretion” is not a classical action.
  • Serotonin and noradrenaline both participate in sleep–wake regulation; acetylcholine is especially important in REM.
Revision section

21. Renal Physiology

↑ Top
  • Inulin clearance = GFR.
  • PAH clearance ≈ effective renal plasma flow.
  • Renal blood flow = RPF ÷ (1 − haematocrit).
  • ↑ glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure → ↑ GFR.
  • ↑ renal blood flow can → ↑ GFR.
  • ↑ plasma oncotic pressure → ↓ GFR.
  • ↑ Bowman’s/tubular hydrostatic pressure → ↓ GFR.
  • Renal transplant patients → increased risk of opportunistic infection, malignancy/PTLD and osteoporosis.
Revision section

22. Respiratory / Medical Emergencies

↑ Top
  • Most acutely hypoxaemic patients → oxygen target approximately 94–98%.
  • COPD at risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure → controlled oxygen targeting 88–92%.
  • COPD does not mean “never give high-flow oxygen”; life-threatening hypoxaemia takes priority.
  • Severe hypoxia/cyanosis/critical illness → high-concentration oxygen while escalating care.
  • Asthma → sit upright + salbutamol via spacer; severe/non-responsive → 999 + oxygen.
  • Hyperventilation → reassurance + controlled breathing; no paper bag.
  • Anaphylaxis → IM adrenaline first, not salbutamol alone.
  • Raised tongue/floor-of-mouth swelling + trismus → possible airway-threatening deep-space infection → A&E/emergency referral.
  • Choking → cough → 5 back blows → 5 abdominal thrusts → CPR if unresponsive.
Revision section

23. Anatomy / Cranial Nerves

↑ Top
  • Sensory CNs → I, II, VIII.
  • Motor CNs → III, IV, VI, XI, XII.
  • Mixed CNs → V, VII, IX, X.
  • CN XI = motor, not mixed.
  • V1 and V2 → sensory; V3 = mixed.
  • Anterior 2/3 tongue general sensation → lingual nerve/V3.
  • Anterior 2/3 tongue taste → chorda tympani/CN VII.
  • Posterior 1/3 taste + general sensation → CN IX.
  • Epiglottic region taste/general sensation → CN X.
  • Longest cranial nerve → vagus (X).
  • Largest cranial nerve → trigeminal (V).
  • Facial LMN lesion → ipsilateral whole-face weakness, including forehead.
  • Facial UMN lesion → contralateral lower-face weakness, forehead relatively spared.
  • CN XII LMN lesion → tongue deviates toward lesion.
  • V3 motor lesion → jaw deviates toward lesion on opening.
  • TMJ lesion → jaw tends to deviate toward affected side.
  • CN X LMN lesion → ipsilateral palate weak but uvula deviates away from lesion.
  • Memory: tongue toward, jaw toward, uvula away.
Revision section

24. Lymphatic Drainage

↑ Top
  • Submental nodes → mandibular incisors, central lower lip, chin, tongue tip/anterior floor of mouth.
  • Submandibular nodes → most teeth, upper lip, lateral lower lip, cheek and much of anterior oral cavity.
  • Jugulodigastric → tonsils/posterior tongue.
  • Jugulo-omohyoid → important drainage node for tongue.
  • Tongue lymphatics cross the midline → malignancies can metastasise bilaterally.
  • Memory: Tip → submental; side → submandibular; centre → jugulo-omohyoid; back → jugulodigastric.
Revision section

25. Microbiology / Vaccination

↑ Top
  • Burn wound + oxidase-positive Gram-negative rod + blue-green pigment → Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
  • Influenza injection → usually inactivated split/subunit vaccine.
  • Intranasal influenza vaccine → live attenuated.
  • Recombinant influenza vaccines also exist but are not the generic classification of all influenza vaccines.
  • Current UK first routine measles-containing vaccine → 12 months.
  • Kawasaki strawberry tongue ≠ scarlet fever: Kawasaki → IVIG + aspirin; scarlet fever → penicillin.
Revision section

26. Public Health / General Medicine

↑ Top
  • Indicator of the burden of ill health in a community → morbidity indicator.
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency → initial assessment includes serum B12, not Schilling test.
  • Schilling test → historical/obsolete.
  • CBC/FBC may show macrocytosis but a normal CBC does not exclude B12 deficiency.
  • Pernicious anaemia investigation → intrinsic-factor antibodies.
Revision section

27. Speech

↑ Top
  • P → bilabial plosive/stop consonant.
  • P sound → complete lip closure → pressure buildup → sudden release.
  • Fricatives → narrowing/obstruction causing turbulent noise.
  • Vowels depend more on the overall shape/resonance of the vocal tract.
Revision section

28. Medical Gas Cylinders – Current UK

↑ Top
  • Current medical oxygen cylinder → white body + white shoulder.
  • Nitrous oxide → white body + blue shoulder.
  • Entonox → white body + blue/white shoulder.
  • Medical air → white body + black/white shoulder.
  • CO₂ → white body + grey shoulder.
  • Old “black body + white shoulder = oxygen” is historical UK colour coding.
  • Never identify a medical gas solely by colour; always verify the label.
Final rapid review

Ultra-high-yield “do not mix these up”

↑ Top
  • Pen V = dental abscess first choice; metronidazole = penicillin allergy / ANUG-ANUP first choice when antibiotics indicated.
  • IE prophylaxis penicillin allergy = azithromycin/clarithromycin, not metronidazole or clindamycin.
  • Extrusion = 2 weeks; lateral luxation = 4 weeks.
  • Vital open apex = apexogenesis; necrotic open apex = regeneration; apexification = artificial apical barrier.
  • Internal resorption = canal disappears; external resorption = canal remains visible.
  • Thumb sucking creates open bite; tongue thrust may maintain it.
  • Canine guidance = healthy natural dentition; group function = classic cantilever association; bilateral balanced = complete dentures.
  • Inulin = GFR; PAH = RPF.
  • V3 feels anterior tongue; VII tastes it.
  • O− gives RBCs; AB gives plasma.
  • 134°C autoclave ≈ 2.07 bar gauge.
  • Practitioner justifies; operator exposes; referrer requests/provides information.
  • Current child bitewings: increased risk 6–12 months; others 2 years.
  • Current SDCEP bacterial prescribing section was updated May 2026, so older recall doses/antibiotic rules should be checked before memorising them.
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UK Dental Exams Masterclass — ORE 1 August 2026. Consolidated revision summary from discussions held in the premium WhatsApp study group.

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