| Norma basalis |
|
| Incisive foramen |
- Terminal parts of greater palatine vessels from palate to nose
- Terminal part of nasopalatine nerve from nose to palate
|
| Greater palatine foramen |
Greater palatine vessels, anterior palatine nerve |
| Lesser palatine foramen |
Transmits middle and posterior palatine nerves |
| Palatovaginal canal |
- Pharyngeal branch from pterygopalatine ganglion
- Small pharyngeal branch of maxillary artery
|
| Vomerovaginal canal |
Branches of pharyngeal nerves and vessels |
| Foramen ovale |
Mandibular nerve and accessory meningeal artery |
| Foramen spinosum |
Middle meningeal artery |
| Emissary sphenoidal foramen |
Transmits an emissary vein connecting cavernous sinus with pterygoid plexus of veins |
| Canalis innominatus |
Transmits lesser petrosal nerve |
| Carotid canal |
Transmits internal carotid artery, venous and sympathetic plexus around the artery |
| Foramen lacerum |
- Meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery and an emissary vein from cavernous sinus, internal carotid artery with venous and sympathetic plexus around it.
- In the upper part of foramen, the greater petrosal nerve unites with the deep petrosal nerve to form nerve of pterygoid canal.
|
| Petrotympanic fissure |
Transmits the chorda tympani nerve and anterior tympanic artery |
| Foramen magnum |
- Through wider posterior part:
- Lower part of medulla
- Tonsils of cerebellum
- Meninges
- Through subarachnoid space:
- Spinal accessory nerve
- Vertebral arteries
- Sympathetic plexus around the vertebral arteries
- Anterior and posterior spinal arteries
- Through narrow anterior part:
- Apical ligament of dens
- Membrana tectoria
|
| Hypoglossal canal (HAEM) |
Anterior condylar canal transmits the hypoglossal nerve, meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery, emissary vein connecting sigmoid sinus with the internal jugular vein, meningeal branch of hypoglossal nerve. |
| Jugular foramen |
- Through anterior part:
- Inferior petrosal sinus
- Meningeal branch of ascending pharyngeal artery
- Through middle part:
- 9th, 10th, 11th cranial nerves
- Through posterior part:
- Internal jugular vein
- Meningeal branch of occipital artery
|
| Optic canal |
Transmits the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery |
| Foramen rotundum |
Transmits the maxillary nerve |
| Internal acoustic meatus |
Transmits 7th and 8th cranial nerves and labyrinthine vessels |
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